B2B Electronics

An amplifier is used in devices wherever sound is produced such as radio, TV and music systems. The significance of an amplifier is that it helps in the proper functioning of all audio devices. An amplifier is a device that enhances the sound quality and provides better music experience.

These are the ones which can convert low power frequency signals to higher frequency signals. Their categorization is based upon the amount of power delivered to the load. Classification of an amplifier is done based on linearity, signal gain, efficiency and output power.

They find their use mostly in transmission chains and, hence require attention for power efficiency. According to the latest survey, pa amplifiers are often used in audio and radio frequency applications in various industries which include medical and military industry. There are ranges or classes of pa amplifiers.

There are many different types of pa amplifiers which can be purchased in the market –

• Tube amplifiers – Also called as vacuum tube amplifiers as they make use of the vacuum tubes to increase the signal amplitude and power.
• Solid state – These are the ones used mostly in transistors. These came into existence in the late 60s and early 70s. These can easily control all the bass frequencies than tube amplifiers.
• Circuit types – It depends on the circuit types; they are classified into Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class D.
• Audio-power amplifiers – These are also known as the small signal pa amplifiers as they raise power level of signals with audio-frequency range up to 20 Hz- 20 kHz.
• Radio-power amplifiers – These are also called large signal pa amplifiers which also raise the power level of signals. It easily amplifies specific frequency or narrow band of frequencies.

This is often used to produce loud sound and also make it very clear to show the difference in acoustics between a noise signal and soothing sound.

As power is an important factor in such a pa amplifier the amount of power needed can be categorized based on the rule of thumb:

• Medium Bands: 3 to 4W per audience member.
• Large Bands: 5 to 6W per audience member.

While stepping up into the market the main thing that comes to our mind is the budget as more the power, the greater the cost of it. If budget is a constraint and if less powered amplifier is purchased, it must be kept in mind that there is not any clipping. The other factor is the product specifications i.e. power that flows into the loudspeakers is less than the required it should be make sure that it should not damage the loudspeaker or the system, and create an unpleasant hearing due to the distortion.

These find a major role in bringing in the best possible sound effects and hence are in demand.

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Flexible magnets are much cheaper than other types of magnetic material; they offer a unique combination of properties (Flexibility and Magnetism) at a much lower cost than you would find other magnetic material. Flexible ones permit design innovations due to the mach inability and flexibility of the product. They also permit manufacturing techniques that are quite simply not possible with brittle or ridged materials.

These magnets can be Punched, Bent, Coiled, Twisted and otherwise machined in to pretty much any shape imaginable without losing any of their magnetic energy. The only downside to these is that the magnetic properties are not as strong as other magnetic materials, however in some instances this is a preferable characteristic.

Methods of Manufacturing Flexible Magnets

Calendering is a method of producing materials in sheet form; it is capable of producing sheets up to roughly 24″ wide. (This method involves squeezing a compound between a set of rollers, this compresses the compound and flattens it in to a sheet. To reach the desired thickness the sheet is placed between the rollers a number of times until the correct thickness has been achieved).

Extrusion is a method used for producing materials in strip form; it is capable of producing strips between ¼” to 10″ wide. (This method involves squeezing a compound that has been heated through a die that has been pre-shaped. As the material exists the die it is cooled and then magnetised, there are different grades available with the standard grade only having 1 side magnetised).

If you are in need of this service check out our product pages, they contain many companies that specialise in this. Wesley Clarke writes about Flexible Magnet. Visit the Businessmagnet product page for details and suppliers of Flexible Magnets.

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Fabric lining
Worn as a second garment although assembled separately, the lining fabric has come to be indispensable in providing clothing with a smoother finish and a more complete look. It has had its use since time immemorial and was given much importance by royalty and nobility wanting to create an impression while enabling them carry themselves well.

Uses of lining
Consisting of different materials that are added to of a garment, a lining fabric is mainly used in clothing for warmth or clothing that needs to be taken off often, such as sweaters, suits, jackets, coats, etc.

Other garments too usually have a lining fabric which might not be visible, but helps in giving the person an overall feeling of luxury when the garment is worn. For rough garments, linings is a boon making it more wearable comfortable. In some instances, it makes wearing a slip very unnecessary, while in others, it helps keep the garment stretched and wrinkle-free.

An important thing that makes lining fabrics essential, is that it helps in preserving and maintaining a garment’s shape but does not actually contribute to the shaping itself.

Besides the general lining fabric attached to the garment, there can also be another fabric added as a backing to the lining before being assembled and stitched into the lining seams. Called as interlining, this is mainly done for warmth and is usually stitched onto tailored clothes like loose woven wool, used in suits and jackets.

Lining fabrics may or may not be intended for the purpose they are made. Therefore, many stand-alone dress fabrics imitating silk such as crepe, taffeta, satin, and tricot also make beautiful linings.

Qualities of a lining fabric
To be suitable for the purpose, a fabric used for lining should be smooth to the touch, soft, pliable, and lightweight so that it does not affect in any way with the hang of the garment. The fiber content and fall of the lining material may vary according to the material of the outer garment being chosen. Thus China silk is usually used to line garments that are soft and stylish while smooth-surfaced cotton fabrics can be used for more casual wear.

Garment ensembles usually have a fabric lining the entire outfit and this lining is even used to protect expensive clothes or ones that do not fit easily. Fake fur is one of the most common lining materials for winter coats and jackets. When deciding the lining fabric, it is always important to keep in mind the pattern of the external garment as well as the yardage that is required.

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Baling presses are designed to condense waste and save space before your rubbish is collected. Baling equipment compacts paper, cardboard and plastic. Separating waste is important to industries that produce a high throughput of waste and rubbish collection companies alike.

Waste disposal can be a concern for industries. In the UK businesses are expected to segregate their rubbish and aggregate it for more efficient disposal. Specialist baling machinery is available to carry out this task in the most cost effective and time efficient way possible.

Many different types of baling presses are available from horizontal to vertical, and mini to midi.  Each having their own advantages and disadvantages.

Horizontal Balers

Fantastic for high throughput waste baling.  Semi or fully automatic in operation thus requiring less manual operation.

Vertical Balers

Designed for lower throughput than the horizontal baler but is more labor intensive due to its manual operation.

Mini and Midi Balers

Can be used indoors or outdoors. Versatile and produces manageable bales that don’t necessarily require specialist machinery to transport them. This type of baling machinery is ideal for producing small bales.

Your choice of baling press must be made based upon your requirements.  Consider whether your waste throughput will change in the future and plan accordingly. Baling presses can be purchased or leased. Which is better for you or your organization depends on your particular requirements.  For example, many industries that need to free up more operators choose horizontal balers because they can be semi or fully automated. If space or bale size is an issue then a mini baler may be more suitable.

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The air cylinder, which is also referred to as a pneumatic cylinder is a device that works mechanically to produce force combined with movement that is powered by high pressure compressed air. The scientific function at work within these cylinders can be described as force being imparted by the conversion of potential energy of compressed air into kinetic energy, or the energy of movement.

The mechanic energy produced by the pneumatic cylinders is achieved because the compressed gas is able to expand, without external energy input. The expansion, which is the main aiding factor in the creation of kinetic energy, occurs due to the pressure gradient established by the compressed gas being at a greater pressure than the atmospheric pressure. The air expansion is also what finally forces the piston of the cylinder to move in a certain direction.

These cylinders are devices that use air pressure to put air into linear motion, such as in an air compressor. A typical air cylinder has a rod and piston that operates the it. Types of cylinders include: Single acting (SAC); Double acting (DAC), and ‘other types’, including rodless linear air cylinders (actuators that use a mechanical or magnetic coupling to impart force). A rodless cylinder has no rod outside of the it but rather a piston connected to a carriage inside the cylinder. The different types of airless rod cylinders include cable cylinders, magnetically coupled air cylinders, pneumatic cylinders, and band cylinders.

Based on the design of the cylinder system, pneumatic cylinders can be used for a multitude of operations. Examples include having the ability to perform multiple strokes without the need for intermediate intervention, to perform a full stroke with intermediate stopping points, to be adjusted so as to control the amount of extension and/or retraction of the piston rod once actuated.

As air cylinders are used for such a variety of functions, the market place is very competitive. Bimba Manufacturing specialise in bespoke solutions for companies and have years of practical experience. In addition to a broad line of standard catalogue products, nearly half of Bimba’s business consists of custom and semi-custom products designed for specific customers with unique applications. In 2007, Bimba took another step as leader of air cylinders when the company acquired Mead Fluid Dynamics Inc. to expand capabilities even further. Mead is a leader in the design and development of valves, cylinders, and pneumatic components for the industrial automation market.

Air cylinders are available in a variety of sizes and can typically range from a small 2.5 mm cylinder, which might be used for picking up a small transistor or other electronic component, to 400 mm diameter cylinders which would impart enough force to lift a car. Some pneumatic cylinders reach 1000 mm in diameter, and are used in place of hydraulic cylinders for special circumstances where leaking hydraulic oil could impose an extreme hazard.

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Life is literally soaring high with the birth of aerial mapping. Aerial mapping is a system used for collecting information through the use of remote sensing devices or aerial photography, the procedure is done with the help of balloons, kites, planes, and satellites.

Just recently, technology has brought us something even better with the coming of orthophotography. This is a kind of aerial photography specially made to suit the curvature of the planet. In layman’s terms, it’s putting a round subject to a flat surface.

While some do aerial mapping out of sheer curiosity and fun, the maps and surveys are very handy in real estate and wildlife tracking. These maps are employed in wide ranges of driving direction applications and online mapping like Google Earth, MapQuest, Google Maps, and a lot more. There’s Geographic Information Systems that utilized sophisticated maps captured from air imagery through satellites. GIS offers data on terrains and land features from across the globe. The images are given in both coloured and black and white to highlight certain features depending on the application. Nowadays, there are thousands of GIS aerial maps utilized for people’s consumptions.

The importance of aerial mapping is something that cannot be overlooked by land surveyors. Because of the sophisticated tools presented to us these days, many land surveying applications also find the need to require a more detailed image of lands and areas. But while most aerial mapping is used through satellite imagery, land surveyors would normally use helicopter and airplane to get their jobs done.

The reason why aerial mapping is a better choice when taking aerial photos is its high-quality output and the safety it provides to the person taking the shot. After all, the person is not required to step into the actual terrain to capture images. Aerial mapping is very advantageous among situations needing the assessments of dangerous terrains especially among steep slopes, mountain sides, and more.

What is interesting is that there is no institute that guide aerial mapping as a subject. The good news however is there are many means of learning that anyone who would like to pursue this area can make use of. Depending on the field you wish to pay attention to, the job of aerial mapping can be categorized into three parts: the pilot who takes a helicopter up in the air, a photographer who likes to take aerial pictures that will be used for maps, or a cartographer who wish to decode some aerial photos into maps.

There are certain necessities that should be considered if you like to look into your chance of landing a career in the field of aerial mappings. With technology having a great role in this field, one consideration is that you should have a background or a degree in computer science. Most degree programs can run up to 2 or 3 years. You will find loads of colleges and universities that provide cartography education and it is also given as an add-on subject on courses like architectural engineering and civil engineering. It pays to gear yourself with the right learning first so you can become successful in this field of work.

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There are hundreds of lapel pin companies to choose from. A simple search on the Internet yields multiple hits. It’s important to have an idea of what you want before you begin working with a lapel pin manufacturer. There are several types of pins, but the base of all lapel pins is metal. You can order very inexpensive pins made out of iron with plating, but lapel pins made out of copper are the most durable. A lapel pin manufacturer can plate a pin with gold, silver, bronze or even an antique finish. Once you decide on the basic metal of the pin, then you can move on to the fun part – the colorful design of the lapel pin!

There are different types of pins to choose from, but the most popular type is the “hard enamel” lapel pin. This type of pin allows for an almost unlimited selection of colors. Some lapel pin manufacturers call this cloisonné, but it is not true cloisonné. If your design requires bright colors, consider the hard enamel pin. The true cloisonné pin is limited to only about 100 colors, but these are often the most collectible type of lapel pins. You may also choose lapel pins that are embossed, die struck or etched – careful selection of the design will ultimately make your custom lapel pin unique.

While the company you deal with may be located in the US, most lapel pin manufacturers deal with factories overseas. Be sure to check with the manufacturer to find out how long your order will take and what kind of shipping charges are involved. Always get a quote, and make sure to let the lapel pin manufacturers know what your budget is – they almost certainly have made something similar to what you need. For complex designs, find out if a prototype lapel pin can be created.

If you don’t need a special design, and are looking for something a little simpler you can also order stock lapel pins. These are pins with recognized symbols like flags, smiley faces, states, animals and other designs. Stock lapel pins are usually immediately available and can be purchased in affordable bulk quantities. Stock lapel pins will not incur any set-up or art fees, as the custom lapel pins will. You may also be able to find stock lapel pins at low clearance prices.

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Resistance to the implementation of magnetic work holding usually begins with a concern for safety. These concerns can be allayed by assessing the technology, holding power and optimal operating conditions of magnetic work holding in terms of operational safety.

Despite the competitive benefits of magnetic workholding in reducing costs and improving productivity, there still exists a resistance to the implementation of magnetic technology as the primary work holder in machining operations. This resistance usually begins with a concern for safety. By assessing the technology, holding power and optimal operating conditions of magnetic work holding relative to operational safety, these concerns can be allayed.

Magnetic Work Holding as a Safe Technology

If a machine operator has held workpieces with mechanical clamps for decades, the idea of relying on magnetism to hold workpieces, especially in heavy milling operations, boils down to an issue of trust: Is this really safe? While understandable this opinion is rooted in subjectivity not objective fact. More than likely, those who hold this point of view may not fully understand the facts of how safe magnetic work holding is.

So, how can magnetic work holding be considered as a safe technology? By definition, it produces a uniform, consistent, and infinite holding power that does not relax, give, or decrease until an operator de-energizes it.

In general, magnetic work holders are constructed with an array of individual magnets embedded into a magnetic chuck or plate. Each magnet has a north and south pole across which flows magnetic energy called flux. When a workpiece is placed across the poles of these magnets, flux flows into it. When placed in this flux field, a magnetic field of opposite polarity is induced into the workpiece thereby creating a magnetic attraction between the chuck and the workpiece. This attraction will remain consistent, uniform, infinite, and reliable as long as the magnetic field is energized. This reliability makes magnetic workholding a truly safe technology.

Magnetic Work Holding as a Safe Holding Force

Holding power or strength is another factor considered when forming an opinion about the safety of magnetic workholding. If an operator does not know how strong magnetic workholding is, he may mistakenly believe magnetic technology is not strong enough to do the job safely. This opinion can be allayed by two facts:

(1) magnetic workholdings can have a clamping power up to 1000 daN and

(2) depending upon the application, an instantaneous clamping force of 12 tons per square foot can be generated by magnetic workholders. This level of holding force is more than comparable to mechanical clamps with one additional advantage: magnetic holding force is uniform, constant and infinite until the operator de-energizes it.

Optimal Operating Conditions

To implement magnetic work holding solutions may require some training to understand the technology’s optimal operating conditions. For example, magnetic work holding is best used with smooth-surfaced workpieces rather than rough ones because the smoothness decreases the air gap between the workpiece and the magnet; small air gaps increase magnetic attraction and the holding bond. Some materials are better conductors of magnetism than others. For example, annealed materials are ideal while hardened materials don’t absorb flux as easily and will retain some magnetism. This condition can be corrected within seconds with demagnetization. Finally, the direction of the holding force is yet another adjustment an operator may have to make to safely implement magnetic work holding. All magnets have 100 percent clamping force directly away from the face of the magnet, but only about 20 percent clamping force against side forces. So, the geometry of a cut must be considered in the machining process to reap the advantages of this type of workholding.

DocMagnet Inc. designs and supplies Magnetic Work holding equipment. Their Permanent Magnetic Chucks have all metal surfaces and are built and tested to the highest quality.

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When sourcing a new press brake the buyer’s goal should be to match the equipment to their expected requirements and use, plus get the best value for their investment. This means obtaining an excellent quality product with proper features at an affordable cost. Also, just looking at initial cost can sometime be deceiving as life cycle costs should be accounted for that includes maintenance costs and efficiency of labor in using the press brake.

Hydraulic press brakes began replacing mechanical ones in the ’70s due to costs and safety issues. Mechanical components were replaced with a hydraulic system which eliminated these costly machined parts. Of course, incorporating a superior hydraulic system with quality components is paramount to supplying reliable and accurate equipment for the end user. The buyer should also ask if valves, rings, seals and other key hydraulic components are readily available and if the company they are buying from has a good after sales service staff. Proprietary parts are often difficult to find or can take a while to obtain.

Press brakes, like all machines, have features that differ across the various manufacturers. The back gauge is a feature that is generally not included with this machine as standard equipment even though it is extremely useful. This gauge is typically sold as an option. This is true also for tooling as well. There are specialty tooling companies that sell after market press brake tooling for all types of press brake jobs. Yet, a savvy buyer will be able to negotiate a front operated power back gauge and tooling package to be included with their press brake purchase. If the supplier is on the cutting edge he will have either American or European style tooling to offer to the customer.

Since the buyer usually has to rely on the salesman’s recommendations, it is very important to buy from a dealer who not only is knowledgeable about metal fabricating machinery, but also has some metallurgical background and common sense. When the customer says they want a 150 ton press brake for instance, the salesman needs to query them further and pin point the type of material they are going to be working with. Bending stainless steel requires 50% more power than bending 60,000 tensile plate for instance. The salesman should know that the term “mild steel” hasn’t existed in over 20 years. This material was replaced with A36 and the tensile can range from 57,000 psi up to 80,000 psi. There is a huge gap, so instead of figuring 15.4 tons per foot when bending ¼” A36 material you need to kick it up to at least 19 tons per foot. Even though the end user may not have given enough information to the sales person, it is still up to the sales person to help match up the right equipment for the job by asking the right additional questions.

The buyer also needs to be certain that whichever press brake they purchases that it is flush floor mounted. Many of the 150 and 176 ton machines on the market require a slot in the floor to accommodate the apron that hangs from the front end of the press brake. Sometimes the photo in a catalogue does not pick up this issue. Ask your sales person so that you don’t become surprised and pay a lot more money for this type of foundation.

Purchasing press brakes is an important task; there are some valuable tips that can go a long way in saving the buyer money and labor. Be sure to do your research and search for high quality equipment, as witnessed by this salesman.

Robert E. Heller is the president of E.G. Heller’s Son, Inc. and has been involved with selling high quality hydraulic press brakes and other metal fabrication equipment for 35 years. You can reach him toll free at 1-800-233-0929 for advice or see all the metal fabricating machinery E.G. Heller’s has to offer at http://www.hellerson.com

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In industrial context, welding refers to a fabrication process that joins materials such as metals and thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is typically done by softening the work pieces and adding a filler material, which is often a welding rod, to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint. Various processes and energy sources are used for welding, such as gas flame, electric arc, laser, electric beam, friction, and ultra sound.

Welding machines can be broadly classified into different categories depending on the type of welding processes and equipment used during the process. Some welding machines use transformers for converting high voltage, low current electricity into high current low voltage, often between 17 to 45 volts and 190 to 590 amperes. These types of welding machines are the least expensive and allow welders to select the output current by either moving the core of the transformer in and out of the magnetic field or by allowing the welder to select from a set of taps on the transformer.

Some welding machines use an internal combustion engine or an electric motor to drive the alternator or generator present in these machines. The process used is similar to transformer based welding machines as power is first converted into mechanical and back to electrical energy to achieve the step-down affect.

Inverter based welding machines use high-power semiconductors such as the IGBT for building a switching power supply capable of handling high loads of arc welding. These machines convert utility electricity into high voltage and store it in a capacitor bank. The stored energy is then transferred to a secondary transformer for producing the desired welding current.

Welding machines have simplified different types of machining jobs undertaken in small and large manufacturing companies. Automated welding machine is also in use and has helped in increasing the effectiveness of welding processes.

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